trusted users), and geographic knowledge-based approaches (i.e. Substantial research has led to progress in the development of efficient methods for mining data streams, in the areas of mining frequent and sequential patterns, multidimensional analysis (e.g., the construction of stream cubes), classification, clustering, outlier analysis, and the online detection of rare events in data streams. Massive-scale moving-object data are becoming rich, complex, and ubiquitous. Tiles still require producer-side storage of raw data, and in general, spatial indexing techniques need to evolve for larger geospatial datasets, particularly in real-time applications (Li et al., 2016). Another approach to reasoning in geographic systems has been described by Papadias and Sellis (1993). Write this number after the first two digits. doi: … Moreover, most systems may only be able to read the stream once in sequential order. As subject leader you should ensure your own subject knowledge is as good as it can be, but it is also your responsibility to support and develop that of colleagues - especially non-specialists. 124). Spatial relation is another type of informal geographic knowledge that we acquire by interacting with the environment. The Regional approach integrates the results of … Examples of moving-object data mining include mining movement patterns of multiple moving objects (i.e., the discovery of relationships among multiple moving objects such as moving clusters, leaders and followers, merge, convoy, swarm, and pincer, as well as other collective movement patterns). Asked by Wiki User. Hence, research in text mining has been very active. further incorporation of theories of communication and decision-making, tool design, and user-computer interactions). A geographical indication (GI) is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess . Such spatial relations are qualitative: we may know the general locations and directions of these places but not the exact distances between them (e.g., the distance between Costco and Camino Cinemas in meters is unknown to the person). Developers of collaborative geospatial tools should also note ongoing concerns regarding the centralized production of technology and knowledge. Atsushi Nara, in Comprehensive Geographic Information Systems, 2018. The informal conceptualization of people on geographic concepts and spatial relations can be formally and computationally modeled to support qualitative reasoning. It finds patterns related to general or particular groups of users; understands users' search patterns, trends, and associations; and predicts what users are looking for on the Internet. In the last two decades, the geographic information system (GIS) and geographic information science (GISci) research communities have witnessed a growing interest in studying spatiotemporal data. Understanding these conceptualization differences on geographic concepts can help develop GIS that can better fit local needs (Smith and Mark, 2001). For example, Andrienko, Andrienko, Bak, Keim, and Wrobel (2013) outline a methodology for clustering of large movement datasets that begins with sub-setting the data and creating an iterative identification list of each event's neighbors that are “stored in the database, to be later retrieved on demand” (pg. This graph representation is fundamentally different from the Cartesian coordinates and geometric rules widely adopted in existing GIS and could become the foundation of place-based GIS (Goodchild, 2011). In the last two decades, the geographic information system (GIS) and geographic information science (GISci) research communities have witnessed a growing interest in studying spatiotemporal data. It can also mine the document structure within a page (e.g., analyze the treelike structure of page structures to describe HTML or XML tag usage). While this is similar to #1 and #2 in that it facilitates a visual representation of WHERE … The reason for this decline is a lack of interest by academic geographers in conducting research in military geography. However, such a challenge also brings the opportunity of designing more personalized GIS for supporting the tasks of individuals (Abdalla and Frank, 2011; Abdalla et al., 2013). Various kinds of text mining and analysis software and tools are available in academic institutions, open-source forums, and industry. J.B. Garver, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. In addition to focusing on expanding functionality, research can continue to explore additional ways that tools can empower stakeholders (i.e. In this work, a symbolic two-dimensional array structure is used to preserve a set of spatial relations among geographic entities. By Jack Dangermond. A course titled ‘Military Geography’ was introduced in 1978 at the United States Military Academy and was supported by a new publication, Readings in Military Geography (Garver 1981). Additional solutions to the challenges posed by large datasets are being explored through the use of high performance computing environments for data wrangling and analysis (Leonard & Duffy, 2014; Li et al., 2016) and through geovisualization techniques integrated from visual analytics, or “geovisual analytics” (Anselin, 2012). Platial operations, as counterparts of the spatial operations (Gao et al., 2013), could then be developed by reusing and extending the existing graph-based algorithms as well as designing new ones. Funt (1980) represents and manipulates a visual analog of a world in order to predict potential instabilities and collisions in a physical domain. Looking into the future, continued development of collaborative geospatial tools requires a sustained focus on the eight dimensions of Open GIS proposed by Sui (2014): “Open Data, Open Software, Open Hardware, Open Standards, Open Research, Open Publication, Open Funding, and Open Education” (p. 4). There are a further eight points between these - remember the names of these are a mix of the two closest compass points but they always start with the main compass point, ie north, east, south or west, When you give a grid reference, always give the easting first: ". In comparison with typical spatiotemporal data mining, mining cyber-physical data requires linking the current situation with a large information base, performing real-time calculations, and returning prompt responses. Multimedia data mining is an interdisciplinary field that integrates image processing and understanding, computer vision, data mining, and pattern recognition. (2009) explore how geospatial tools used in collaborative natural resource management projects can either reinforce the technical knowledge divide between scientists and the public or provide alternative ways for the citizens to engage in the storytelling process. These data are available largely through advancements in remote sensing and location-aware technologies and can help advance geographic knowledge over time. Innovation Innovation is an elusive skill. Food and drink, history, music and film are all popular categories when it comes to testing your general knowledge. trusted users), and. (2012) highlight that the required integration of data across differing formats and media can be a major challenge to data synthesis, which often “can only be achieved if systems are to a large degree interoperable” (p. 582). Following World War II, interest and research in military geography languished while military concerns moved to new strategies to confront the issues of nuclear deterrence and Cold War policies to prevent military conflict between superpower nations. Since not every GIS user has received formal training, understanding the conceptualization of general people toward geographic concepts can facilitate the design of GIS (Smith and Mark, 1998). A virtual pub quiz has become a staple part of any lockdown night-in. How to speak a language It's notoriously difficult to write down the rules of a language. This poses great challenges for the effective mining of stream data. In particular, Miller and Goodchild (2015) point out that key issues resulting from the progression from a “data scarce to data-rich environment” are also longstanding challenges in geographic research: accuracy; uncertainty; representations of data and features; “populations (not samples), messy (not clean) data, and correlations (not causality)” (p. 450). Latitude lines run from East to West (like the equator), and tell you how far North and South you are, but longitude lines go from North to South (like the Greenwich Meridian) and tell you how far East or West you are. Instead, they complement existing methods and systems and should be used when the application context is appropriate. Children in tear 3 need to understand the different uses of land in the UK. High quality example sentences with “knowledge of the geography” in context from reliable sources - Ludwig is the linguistic search engine that helps you to write better in English The deep Web (or hidden Web) refers to web content that is not part of the surface web. According to analysis targets, web mining can be organized into three main areas: web content mining, web structure mining, and web usage mining. Fig. spatial dependence and topological rules) (Goodchild & Li, 2012). Geographers have long studied this change by describing patterns and processes across spatial and temporal scales such as human migration, transportation, environmental change, and socio-economic dynamics. Next, move north from the bottom-left-hand corner of your grid square and estimate how many tenths your symbol is from this point. Research in geographical information systems and spatial databases has long been concerned with the issue of representing spatial knowledge (see Geographic Information Systems: Critical Approaches; Spatial Data). Downs, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. A recent major contribution to the field is J. Collin's exceptional book, Military Geography: For Professionals and the Public, published in 1998. Clearly the most comprehensive treatment of military geography in print, the subject is presented in a traditional geographic format with the following major sequential topics: (a) physical geography; (b) cultural geography (c) political-military geography; and (d) area analyses. In this work, the term quadtree is used to describe binary array data structures that iteratively subdivide regions into segments until blocks are obtained that consist entirely of 1s or entirely of 0s. Geographical Structure Company Example. Besides, it has been found that different communities, especially the communities with different languages, may establish their own conceptual systems (Mark and Turk, 2003). An important goal is to derive high-quality information from text. Among the many battles examined are the American Revolution's Bunker Hill, the Civil War's Gettysburg and Wilderness campaigns, World War I's Verdun and Flander's Fields, World War II's beaches at Normandy and Iwo Jima, and the Rhine crossing at Remagen, Vietnam's battles of Dien Bien Phu and the Ia Drang Valley, and Napoleon and Hitler in Russia. Web content mining analyzes web content such as text, multimedia data, and structured data (within web pages or linked across web pages). The requirements to teach elements of human geography, such as resources, settlements and economic activity as well as key aspects of physical geography including rivers, mountains, volcanoes and climatic zones can be done through the study of whichever locality you feel is appropriate, although linking with the guidance from above is advised. Rediscovering Geography: New Relevance for Science and Society. Constructing such a geographic knowledge graph can be challenging, since different individuals often conceptualize places and spatial relations differently. Multimedia data cubes contain additional dimensions and measures for multimedia information. Web content mining can build links across multiple web pages for individuals; therefore, it has the potential to inappropriately disclose personal information. Location theory, in economics and geography, theory concerned with the geographic location of economic activity; it has become an integral part of economic geography, regional science, and spatial economics.Location theory addresses the questions of what economic activities are located where and why. In the broadest sense, knowledge is a form of representation of the world, the image or attitude of a person to the reality that is taking place. It is clear that while collaborative geospatial tools are indeed becoming more interoperable and sophisticated, the development of these tools require knowledge that is not equally shared, which serves as a barrier to including stakeholders in the tool development process. In 1983 P. O'Sullivan and J. Miller published a monograph, The Geography of Warfare, which reviewed the interaction between geography and the history of selected military campaigns involving do's and don'ts of tactics and strategy. The history, philosophy, and theory of modern military geography were presented in academic papers by military officers attending civilian universities (Thompson 1962, Brinkerhoff 1963). We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Thanks in large part to the Internet, we've recently seen a fundamental change in the way GIS is delivered and used. This includes collecting information about stream data in sliding windows or tilted time windows (where the most recent data are registered at the finest granularity and the more distant data are registered at a coarser granularity), and exploring techniques like microclustering, limited aggregation, and approximation. As a result of the increased needs for geographic knowledge in World War II, military geography soon came into its own as a subfield of geography shortly after the war when the professional geographers returned to college and university departments of geography. Private sector companies frequently use geographers and geographic knowledge to make location, routing, and marketing decisions and for. One likely reason is that while many environmental management and planning projects aspire to incorporate collaborative tasks (Cravens, 2016; Wright et al., 2009), tools are often chosen before project needs are understood, or are not evaluated until after projects are completed (Cravens, 2014). Page 111 Share Cite. Keeping in mind the importance of the Geography General Knowledge Questions we have arranged in this post. R.M. Qualitative reasoning and place-based GIS should not be seen as replacements for quantitative reasoning and geometry-based GIS (Egenhofer and Mark, 1995). It extracts patterns from hyperlinks, where a hyperlink is a structural component that connects a web page to another location. A bibliographic survey will demonstrate that while strategic studies came into their own as an interdisciplinary endeavor, work accomplished in the pure name of military geography began to decline sharply in quantity after the mid-1960s (see Bibliography of Military Geography). 214). It explains the differences between rural and urban land giving examples of what could be found in each one. Many geographers today teach and research about concepts that are relevant to everyday life. Popular topics on geographic knowledge discovery and spatial data mining include mining spatial associations and co-location patterns, spatial clustering, spatial classification, spatial modeling, and spatial trend and outlier analysis. Examples of cyber-physical networks include a patient care system that links a patient monitoring system with a network of patient/medical information and an emergency handling system; a transportation system that links a transportation monitoring network, consisting of many sensors and video cameras, with a traffic information and control system; and a battlefield commander system that links a sensor/reconnaissance network with a battlefield information analysis system. Issues in multimedia data mining include content-based retrieval and similarity search, and generalization and multidimensional analysis. The nature of geographic knowledge today is very different from what it was fifty years ago. Stated aims of the author are to offer a college-level textbook, provide a handbook for political-military professionals, and to enhance public appreciation for the impact of geography on military affairs. Check and … From these, we can construct spatial data cubes that contain spatial dimensions and measures, and support spatial OLAP for multidimensional spatial data analysis. Take a look at some examples below. Glasgow, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Research in the area includes rare-event detection and anomaly analysis in cyber-physical data streams, reliability and trustworthiness in cyber-physical data analysis, effective spatiotemporal data analysis in cyber-physical networks, and the integration of stream data mining with real-time automated control processes. Clearly, cyber-physical systems and networks will be ubiquitous and form a critical component of modern information infrastructure. Geographic concepts and spatial relations are two types of informal geographic knowledge that people develop in everyday life. The following examples are business critical knowledge that are difficult to write down, visualize and teach. Thus the standard area intelligence report was organized topically in the framework of regional geography. Each of the 19 chapters terminates with a list of key points for easy reference. Epstein and Gelfand (1998) use spatial representations to generate potential moves in game playing. TYPES OF MAPS - HUMAN / PHYSICAL / RELIEF / TRANSPORT /, SPECIFICATION LINK - ​select and construct appropriate graphs and charts to present data, using appropriate scales – line charts, bar charts, pie charts, pictograms, histograms with equal class intervals, divided bar, scattergraphs, and population pyramids, “Lines of latitude and longitude are imaginary lines that you see on maps. Why is it … Over the next century Geography's role expanded and by 1978 Chief Geographer, Jacob Silver, provided a summation of responsibilities that included the development of national geographic reference files and digital mapping techniques (Silver 1978). 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